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Women's Reading Glasses +9.00 Four for 25 Dollars

Form of vision aid

Glasses
Glasses black.jpg

A modern pair of spectacles
Other names Eyeglasses, glasses
Specialty Ophthalmology, optometry

[edit on Wikidata]

Glasses, also known every bit eyeglasses or spectacles, are vision eyewear, consisting of clear lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's optics, typically utilizing a bridge over the olfactory organ and hinged arms (known equally temples or temple pieces) which rest over the ears.

Glasses are typically used for vision correction, such as with reading spectacles and glasses used for nearsightedness; however, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for corrective purposes.

Safe glasses provide eye protection confronting flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may take protection for the sides of the eyes likewise as in the lenses. Some types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-visible lite or radiations. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such as squash.

Glasses wearers may use a strap to forbid the glasses from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used but part of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their cervix, to preclude the loss of the glasses and breaking. The loss of spectacles would exist detrimental to those working in these atmospheric condition.

Sunglasses allow for improve vision in bright daylight, and may protect one'southward eyes against damage from excessive levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; photochromatic glasses are blacked out or lightly tinted in dark or indoor weather, but turn into sunglasses when they come in contact with ultraviolet light. About over the counter sunglasses do not have corrective ability in the lenses; nonetheless, special prescription sunglasses tin exist made. People with atmospheric condition that have photophobia as a primary symptom (like certain migraine disorders or Irlen syndrome) frequently article of clothing sunglasses or precision tinted spectacles, even indoors and at dark.

Specialized spectacles may be used for viewing specific visual information, for case 3D spectacles for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Fifty-fifty with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are bachelor, using plastic, metal, wire, and other materials for frames.

Types [edit]

Glasses can be marked or plant by their primary function, but also announced in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification.

Corrective [edit]

Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors by angle the low-cal entering the middle in club to alleviate the effects of weather such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism. The ability of 1's eyes to adjust their focus to virtually and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over forty years old is presbyopia, which is caused by the eye'due south crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to suit (i.due east. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.eastward. more refracting) lens than the other.

Cosmetic lenses bring the image back into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter can exist used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of spectacles. Corrective eyeglasses tin significantly meliorate the life quality of the wearer. Not only exercise they enhance the wearer's visual experience, but tin can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting.

The near common type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a uniform refractive index. For people with presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal glasses provide 2 or three unlike refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous slope.[ane] Lenses can also be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to exist more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.

Reading glasses provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on shut-by objects. Reading glasses are bachelor without prescription from drugstores, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these have a pair of unproblematic lenses of equal ability, and so volition non correct refraction issues similar astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.

People who need glasses to run into often take corrective lens restrictions on their driver'south licenses that require them to wear their glasses every time they bulldoze or risk fines or jail time.

Some militaries outcome prescription spectacles to servicemen and women. These are typically GI glasses. Many state prisons in the United States consequence glasses to inmates, often in the class of clear plastic aviators.

Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might exist used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they don't take to exist custom-manufactured for every person).

Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that practice not employ a lens. Pinhole glasses practice not actually refract the light or modify focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a minor discontinuity in photography. This class of correction has many limitations that forestall it from gaining popularity in everyday utilise. Pinhole glasses can be made in a DIY manner past making small-scale holes in a slice of bill of fare which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

Safety [edit]

Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris or other matter. Construction workers, mill workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to vesture prophylactic spectacles to shield the optics from flight debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to vesture safety spectacles to protect against infection from patients' blood or other trunk fluids. At that place are as well safety spectacles for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full-sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding flash. Nylon frames are commonly used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well every bit in front of the eyes.

Sunglasses [edit]

Sunglasses provide more comfort and protection against brilliant light and often against ultraviolet (UV) low-cal. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the entire lite spectrum that poses a danger.[two]

Light polarization is an added feature that tin be practical to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of lite, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may nowadays some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures oft used to gauge altitude may be removed. Liquid-crystal displays emit polarized light, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were pop for these reasons include tea shades and mirrorshades. Many bullheaded people habiliment nigh opaque glasses to hide their optics for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity weather clothing sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the light more tolerable.

Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to some other pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large plenty to be worn over top of another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to clothing contact lenses to right their vision so that standard sunglasses can exist used.

Mixed doubleframe [edit]

Doubleframe eyewear with one fix of lenses on the moving frame and another pair of lenses on a stock-still frame (optional).

The double frame uplifting glasses accept one moving frame with ane pair of lenses and the basic fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected past four-bar linkage. For example, lord's day lenses could be easily lifted up and down while mixed with myopia lenses that always stay on. Presbyopia lenses could be also combined and easily removed from the field of view if needed without taking off spectacles.

3D glasses [edit]

The illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface can exist created by providing each middle with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions past filtering a signal containing data for both optics. The point, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic brandish, is filtered so that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters merely work for the type of signal they were designed for.

Anaglyph 3D glasses accept a dissimilar colored filter for each eye, typically red and blueish or cherry-red and greenish. A polarized 3D system on the other manus uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters. Head-mounted displays tin can filter the signal electronically and and so transmit light directly into the viewer'due south eyes.

Anaglyph and polarized spectacles are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and active shutter spectacles are used with many home theaters. Caput-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal tin be shared betwixt multiple units.

Magnification (bioptics) [edit]

Glasses tin can besides provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which have minor telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which tin be embedded into the corrective glass and improve aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the class of self-contained spectacles that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be fastened to existing spectacles.

Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses [edit]

Yellow tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor xanthous tint. They perform minor color correction, on meridian of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may also exist considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses.[3] Depending on the visitor, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain.[4] These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.[5]

Blue-lite blocking spectacles [edit]

Eyeglasses that filter out blue light from computers, smartphones and tablets are becoming increasingly pop in response to concerns about problems acquired by blue light overexposure.[6] The problems claimed range from dry eyes to eye strain, sleep wheel disruption, up to macular degeneration which can cause partial blindness.[6] But research shows no measurable ultraviolet radiation from computer monitors.[six] [7] Long hours of computer use may cause eye strain, non blue low-cal.[vi] [8] [nine] [10] Many center symptoms caused by computer use volition lessen later stop using the computer.[6] Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to night manner volition improve sleep.[8] [11] Blue light from computers will non pb to eye diseases, including macular degeneration.[8] [12] [xiii]

The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) doesn't recommend special eyewear for calculator utilize,[vi] [9] although it recommends using prescription glasses measured specifically for estimator screen distance (depending on individuals, just possibly 20-26 inches from the face up), which are not the same as "blue-lite blocking" glasses.[xiv] The position of the Higher of Optometrists (UK) is "the best scientific evidence currently available does not support the use of bluish-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to meliorate visual operation, alleviate the symptoms of centre fatigue or visual discomfort, improve sleep quality or conserve macula health."[15] However, some users practice detect benefits, and some eye professionals believe they accept benefits, at least for reducing center strain.[9]

Anti-glare protection glasses [edit]

Anti-glare protection glasses, or blue-light spectacles, tin reduce the reflection of calorie-free that enters the optics. Blueish-light blocking glasses are designed to filter or block blueish light and reduce the eye strain from it, likely coming from electronic LED screens.[16] The lenses are given an anti-glare blanket to preclude reflections of calorie-free under different lighting conditions. By reducing the amount of glare on your eyes, vision tin can be improved.[17]

The anti-glare also applies to the outer glass, thus allowing for better centre contact.[17]

Frames [edit]

Glasses, c.  1920s, with springy cable temples

The ophthalmic frame is the role of a pair of spectacles that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.[18]

Parts [edit]

  • pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place
  • bridge which connects the ii eye wires
  • chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge
  • tiptop bar or forehead bar, a bar simply above the bridge providing structural support and/or style enhancement (country/Grandfather mode). The addition of a top bar makes a pair of glasses aviator eyeglasses
  • pair of brows or caps, plastic or metal caps which fit over the summit of the center wires for mode enhancement and to provide additional back up for the lenses. The improver of brows makes a pair of spectacles browline glasses
  • pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the olfactory organ
  • pair of pad arms connect the nose pads to the middle wires
  • pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
  • pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
  • pair of end pieces connect the center wires via the hinges to the temples
  • pair of frame-front end pieces
  • pair of hinges connect the end pieces to the temples, allowing a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a small spring that affords the temples a greater range of motion and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree bending.

Temple types [edit]

  • Skull temples: bend downwardly behind the ears, follow the profile of the skull and balance evenly against the skull
  • Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Concord the glasses primarily through light pressure confronting the side of the skull
  • Convertible temples: used either equally library or skull temples depending on the aptitude
  • Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used by and large on able-bodied, children'south, and industrial safety frames;
  • Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, but made from a springy cablevision of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl can exist adapted along its whole length, assuasive the frame to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses).[19] [twenty] See the image of 1920s frames higher up.

Materials [edit]

Plastic and polymer [edit]

  • Cellulose acetate
  • Optyl, a type of hypoallergenic material fabricated especially for eyeglass frames. It features a blazon of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.
  • Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
  • 3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective laser sintering processes – see Mykita Mylon (The frames can be iii-D printed by Fused Filament Fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or nylon)[21]
  • Nylon

Metallic [edit]

Various metals and alloys may exist used to brand spectacles such every bit gold, silver, aluminum, beryllium, stainless steel, titanium, monel and nickel titanium.

Natural material [edit]

Also natural materials may exist used such as forest, os, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones.

Corrective lens shape [edit]

Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape

Corrective lenses can be produced in many unlike shapes from a circular lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cutting to fit the shape of the frame that will agree them. Frame styles vary and way trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, at that place are few restrictions which allow for many trendy and fashionable shapes. College ability lenses tin cause distortion of peripheral vision and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. Notwithstanding, if the lens becomes likewise pocket-sized, the field of view can be drastically reduced.

Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses more often than not crave a taller lens shape to go out room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the most efficient. Before the appearance of eyeglasses equally a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either round, oval, rectangular or curved octagons. Information technology was non until glasses began to be seen every bit an accessory that unlike shapes were introduced to be more than aesthetically pleasing than functional.

History [edit]

Precursors [edit]

Scattered show exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by emperor Nero every bit mentioned by Pliny the Elder.[22]

The employ of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy'due south Optics (which survives but in a poor Standard arabic translation). Ptolemy'due south description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen (Book of Eyes, c. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Eyes and of Alhazen became bachelor in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the evolution of "reading stones".

Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using eyes to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances".[23] A few years afterward in 1262, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses.[24] [25] The development of the first eyeglasses took identify in northern Italia in the 2d half of the 13th century.[26]

Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures adult "sunglasses" for eye protection, without any corrective properties.[27] For example, flat panes of smoky quartz were used in 12th-century Prc, and the Inuit accept used snow goggles for eye protection.[a]

Invention [edit]

The earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 past Roger Bacon, who was also the start European to accept described in detail the procedure of making gunpowder.[29]

The kickoff eyeglasses were estimated to accept been fabricated in northern Italy, most likely in Pisa, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (c. 1255–1311) wrote "It is not still twenty years since there was institute the fine art of making eyeglasses, which brand for expert vision ... And it is so curt a fourth dimension that this new art, never earlier extant, was discovered. ... I saw the i who first discovered and expert information technology, and I talked to him."[30]

Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was before long making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been fabricated by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart."[31] Venice apace became an important centre of industry, especially due to using the high quality drinking glass made at Murano.[32] By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses.[33] and a dissever social club of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320.[32] In the fourteenth century they were very common objects: Francesco Petrarca says in one of his letters that, until he was 60, he didn't need spectacles,[34] [35] and Franco Sacchetti mentions them often in his Trecentonovelle.

The earliest pictorial testify for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the fundamental Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early on example would exist a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of crumbling. Although concave lenses for myopia (near-sightedness) had made their first appearance in the mid-15th century,[32] it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the outset correct explanation every bit to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.[b]

Early frames for spectacles consisted of two magnifying spectacles riveted together by the handles and so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet glasses". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent near Celle in Deutschland; they take been dated to circa 1400.[38]

The world'southward kickoff spectacle specialist shop opened in Strasbourg (and then Holy Roman Empire, now France) in 1466.[39]

Other claims [edit]

The 17th century claim, by Francesco Redi, that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses, in the 13th century, has been exposed as erroneous.[40] [41]

Marco Polo is mistakenly claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such evidence appears in his accounts.[42] [43] Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.[44]

In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer speculated, in his history of glasses, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of China and Europe at approximately the same fourth dimension information technology was probable that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed India as a location.[45] [c] Notwithstanding, Joseph Needham speculated that the mention of glasses in the Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in part" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did non exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in afterward versions was added during the Ming dynasty.[46]

In 1971 Rishi Agarwal, in an commodity in the British Journal of Ophthalmology, states that Vyasatirtha was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that information technology "is, therefore, almost likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did Hindu mathematics and the ophthalmological works of the ancient Hindu surgeon Sushruta",[47] but all dates are given well afterwards the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, and at that place had been meaning shipments of eyeglasses from Italia to the Centre Due east, with one shipment equally large as 24,000 glasses.[48]

Later developments [edit]

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Historians accept from time to time produced evidence to advise that others may take preceded him in the invention; nonetheless, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the Usa, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and maybe 50 years earlier than had been originally idea.[49] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed past the British astronomer George Airy in 1825.[50]

Over time, the construction of frames for glasses likewise evolved. Early on eyepieces were designed to be either held in identify past hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could exist held in identify by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured past the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was adult sometime before 1727, perhaps by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were non immediately successful, however, and various styles with fastened handles such as "pair of scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were likewise fashionable from the 2nd half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

In the early on 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld[51]) developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua Silvery designed eyewear with adjustable cosmetic glasses. They work by using a congenital-in syringe to pump a silicone solution into a flexible lens.[52]

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation corrective heart surgery, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames fabricated of special retention metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being aptitude. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offering dramatically better power to withstand the stresses of daily wearable and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in earlier times.

In fashion [edit]

In the 1930s, "glasses" were described equally "medical appliances".[53] Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and governments as well recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.[53]

Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like spectacles, take traditionally been designed to camouflage against the pare and restore power without beingness visible.[53] In the past, pattern for disability has "been less about projecting a positive prototype as nigh trying not to project an paradigm at all".[53] Pullin uses the example of spectacles, traditionally categorized equally a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accompaniment.[53] Much like other manner designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by season and designer.[53] In recent years it has become more common for consumers to purchase eyewear with not-prescription lenses as a fashion accessory.[53]

Guild and civilisation [edit]

Market place [edit]

The market for spectacles has been characterized as having highly inelastic demand. Advertising restrictions in the United states of america, for example, accept correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the spectacles market more price-competitive.[54] It has also been claimed to exist monopolistically competitive, as in the case of Luxottica.[55] [56] [57]

At that place are claims that insufficiently free market competition inflates the prices of frames, which cost an boilerplate of $25–$l U.S. to brand, to an boilerplate retail price of $300 in the United states. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.[58] [59] [60]

Redistribution [edit]

Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,[61] Unite For Sight,[62] ReSpectacle,[63] and New Eyes for the Needy provide a way to donate spectacles and sunglasses to people on depression incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 Pairs.[64]

Fashion [edit]

Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ, Budapest

Many people crave glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can exist utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is fabricated based on how it volition affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accompaniment. In Japan, some companies ban women from wearing spectacles.[65]

Personal image [edit]

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses acquired individuals to exist stigmatized and stereotyped every bit pious clergymen, as those in religious vocation were the most probable to be literate and therefore the most likely to need reading spectacles, elderly, or physically weak and passive.[66] [67] The stigma began to fall away in the Usa of America in the early 1900s when the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when pop comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Glasses" character in his films.[66] [67]

In the Uk, wearing spectacles was characterised in the nineteenth century, every bit "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to Neville Cardus, writing in 1928.[68] "Tim" Killick was the get-go professional cricketer to play while wearing glasses "continuously", afterward his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront among English language professionals of all-circular abilities."[68]

Since eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion particular and frequently act equally a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of center-spectacles they wore to the point that thick, blackness horn-rimmed glasses are frequently called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly circular metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon glasses" (or, more than recently, "Harry Potter glasses"). British comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, foursquare, horn-rimmed glasses, which were, in fact, a sophisticated hearing assistance that alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.[69] Some celebrities take become so associated with their eyeglasses that they connected to article of clothing them even after taking other measures against vision problems: United States Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to wearable not-prescription glasses afterward being fitted for contacts and getting light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation center surgery, respectively.

Other celebrities have used spectacles to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such equally Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-style round horn-rimmed spectacles as Deirdre Barlow in the lather opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona every bit a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players habiliment lensless spectacles with thick plastic frames like horn-rimmed glasses during post-game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to actor Jaleel White'due south infamous styling as Goggle box character Steve Urkel.[70] [71]

In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises as masks, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero personae: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s style horn-rimmed glasses equally Clark Kent, while Wonder Adult female wears either round, Harold Lloyd style glasses or 1970s style bug-eye glasses as Diana Prince. An case of the halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wearable glasses are intelligent. This belief can have positive consequences for people who wear glasses, for instance in elections. Studies show that wearing spectacles increases politicians' balloter success, at to the lowest degree in Western cultures.[72]

Styles [edit]

In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to exist considered a component of fashion; equally such, various unlike styles take come in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.

  • Aviator sunglasses
  • Browline glasses
  • Bug-heart glasses
  • Cat center spectacles
  • GI glasses
  • Goggles
  • Horn-rimmed glasses
  • Lensless glasses
  • Monocle
  • Pince-nez
  • Rimless glasses
  • Sunglasses
  • Wayfarer sunglasses
  • Windsor glasses

See also [edit]

  • Adaptable-focus eyeglasses
  • Baden-Powell'southward unilens
  • Eye examination
  • Eyeglass prescription
  • History of optics
  • X-ray vision
  • Plurale tantum

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Chinese judges wore dark spectacles to hide their facial expressions during court proceedings.[28]
  2. ^ In his treatise Advert Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement) to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the epitome is again properly focused on the retina.[36] [37]
  3. ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille (PDF), vol. half dozen, p. 26, retrieved 29 May 2019 Translation:

    I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the Invention of Glasses" published in the terminal issue of this periodical (Volume 6, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent discussion by Prof. GÜPPERT. The book past HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should exist presented in detail, has not yet become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it equally far every bit possible and prefer to prove, by means of new material from Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of spectacles in Republic of india is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, as all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in particular; Crystal spectacles appear in the European Eye Ages, in Republic of india, and in Communist china, and from the historical point of view one can suppose from the kickoff that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, merely that a historical connectedness is hither nowadays.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Eyeglasses - All What You Need to Know", Eyewa Web log , retrieved 24 March 2020
  2. ^ "Sunglasses not just an accompaniment in the Sunshine State", Sun-Sentinel.com , retrieved 10 Apr 2018
  3. ^ Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017), "Computer glasses that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling like crazy, but they probably aren't doing y'all much proficient", Business organization Insider
  4. ^ Heiting, Gary, "Figurer Eye Strain: ten Steps For Relief", All about vision.com , retrieved 1 September 2017
  5. ^ "BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses", BluTech Lenses
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General bibliography [edit]

  • Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Glasses to Telescopes, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, ISBN9780871692597 .
  • Needham, Joseph (1962), "Part ane", Scientific discipline & Culture in Cathay, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Printing, ISBN9780521058025 .

External links [edit]

Spoken Wikipedia icon

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008 (2008-03-31), and does non reflect subsequent edits.

  • Glasses Gallery at the British Optical Association Museum
  • "Spectacles", The Medieval Technology, NYU, archived from the original on 16 October 2015, retrieved fifteen June 2009 .
  • "Are Your Optics Right", Popular Science (commodity), February 1944 , on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120).
  • "Common Spectacles Styles before, during and afterwards the Civil State of war" (2012 article) via the Internet Archive; Antique Eyeglasses in America.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses